Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Sub+has/have+been+V4+obj+Since/for+time Explanation:-Present perfect continuous tense is used to express an action that has started in the past and still going on. Present perfect continuous tense का प्रयोग वैसे काम को को बतलाने के लिए किया जाता जो भूतकाल में शुरू होकर अभी भी Present Time में जारी है। Since-Since is used with point of time that is The time of watch, the name of day, the part of day, the name of month, year, Birth, Childhood, marriage, etc. For-For is used with the period of time such as four days, four years, four months, a long time, hours, etc. Ex. He has been living in Delhi since his birth. They have been playing cricket since morning. I have been writing this website since 2014. If You Like the Post Please Share on  & Also Like Our Facebook Page       Subscribe my YouTube channels

Hidden Rules of Present Perfect Tense

USES OF PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

1. इस Tense का प्रयोग वैसे काम को बतलाने के लिए किया जाता है जो अभी-अभी समाप्त हुआ हो। 

Ex. He has just gone out.

They have gone to market.

2. इस Tense का प्रयोग वैसे काम को बतलाने के लिए किया जाता है जो भूतकाल में समाप्त हुआ हो लेकिन उसका असर/प्रभाव अभी वर्तमान में मौजूद है या वर्तमान में बोलने के समय मौजूद है। 

               इसे समझने के लिए एक Example लेते है जैसे आप मान लीजिए सुबह-सुबह अपने घर से कहीं चले गए और जब आप वापस आते है तो देखते है क्या की हर जगह पानी ही पानी है तो आप कहते है कि यहाँ बारिस हुआ है या हो चुका है। इसका अर्थ यह हुआ की आपने बारिस होते नहीं देखा लेकिन उसके प्रभाव को देखकर आपने ऐसा कहा। 

Ex. It has rained here.

Someone has beaten the child.

She has passed the board examination.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRESENT PERFECT TENSE AND PAST INDEFINITE TENSE दोनों Tenses में कोई काम भूतकाल(Past) में समाप्त हुआ होता है लेकिन Present Perfect Tense में उस काम का असर या प्रभाव Present Time में मौजूद रहता है लेकिन Past Indefinite Tense में उसका असर मौजूद नहीं रहता है।

3. इस Tense का प्रयोग वैसे काम को बतलाने के लिए किया जाता है जो भूतकाल(Past) में हुए और अभी वर्तमान में भी जारी है। इस स्थिति में Present Perfect Tense के साथ भी Since तथा For का प्रयोग किया जाता है। 

Ex. I have lived here for three years.

Sohan has worked in this office since 1995.

Kiran has taught in this school for a long time.

She has loved Rohan for a long time.

Note:- ऐसे कार्यो के लिए जो Past में शुरू हुआ और अभी भी जारी है हम Present Perfect Continuous का प्रयोग भी करते है लेकिन इस Rule का प्रयोग उस समय और भी Important हो जाता जब हमे वैसे Verbs मिल जाते है जिनका प्रयोग Continuous Tense में नहीं होता है इस Rule को विस्तार से जानने के Present Continuous Tense पढ़े। 

4. Already, just, since, for, yet, so far, up to now, up to present, lately, recently, during, जैसे Adverb of time का प्रयोग होने पर भी वाक्य समान्यता Present Perfect Tense में होता है। 

Ex. The train has already left.(Already का प्रयोग Has/Have के बाद और Main Verb के पहले होता है।)

They have not come yet.(Yet का प्रयोग Sentence के अंत में होता है।)

They have come recently.

So far I have had no trouble.

5. Ever का अर्थ जब "अब तक किसी समय" (Any time up to now)तथा Never का अर्थ जब "अब तक किसी समय नहीं" (At no time up to now) हो तो इनके साथ Present Perfect Tense का प्रयोग होता है। 

Ex. Have you ever been to Kashmir?

This village girl has never seen such a big building before.

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The Hidden Rules of S+V+A-2

SINGULAR VERBS	PLURAL VERBS
IS, AM, HAS, DOES, WAS	ARE, WERE, HAVE, DO

1. Singular subject के साथ Singular Verb तथा Plural Subject के साथ Plural Verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है।  Ex. Ram is going there at 4 o'clock in the morning tomorrow. We have done everything to make her happy. Exception to the above rule. (a) Present time में unfulfilled wish/desire/condition को बतलाने  If/as if/as though/if only/suppose/I wish के बाद प्रयुक्त होनेवाले किसी भी Number तथा Person के Subject के साथ यदि Be का प्रयोग करना हो तो सिर्फ Were का प्रयोग होता है।  Ex. If I were a bird, I would fly to you. I wish she were a queen. If only he were one of my best friends. (b) Optative sentences में Singular subject के साथ भी Plural verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है।  God save the king! Long live our democracy!  2. यदि किसी वाक्य का Subject Singular Noun हो तो Verb Singular Number में होगा। Singular Countable Noun+Singular Verb Ex. Mohan is always late. A book has been bought by Ram. 3. यदि दो Singular Nouns Conjunction And से जुड़े हो तो Verb हमेशा Plural Number में होगा।  S.C.N.+And+S.C.N.+Plural Verb Ex Ram and Mohan are friends. A book and a pen have been stolen from my home. 4. यदि दो Singular Nouns And से जुड़े हो तथा युग्म(Pair) के रूप में प्रयुक्त होते हो और उनसे एक ही व्यक्ति या वस्तु का बोध हो तो इसके साथ Singular Verb का प्रयोग होता है।  S.C.N.+And+S.C.N.(Pair)+Singular Verb Ex. Rice and curry is my favourite food. Truth and honesty is the best policy. Bread and butter is a good breakfast. Slow and steady wins the race. All coming and going is forbidden in this campus. The crown and glory of life is character. A horse and carriage was seen there. Note: यहाँ Pair का अर्थ यह है की इन दोनों Nouns का प्रयोग हमेशा एक Phrase के जैसा एक साथ ही किया जाना चाहिए।  5. यदि दो Singular Nouns Conjunction And से जुड़े हो।           इस Rule के बहुत  सारे Conditions होते है। आइये देखते है सारे Rules को।  (a) यदि दो Singular Nouns Conjunction And से जुड़े हो किन्तु उनके पहले Each या Every लगा हो तो Verb Singular Number में होगा।  Each/Every+S.C.N.+And+Each/Every+S.C.N.+Singular Verb Each/Every+S.C.N.+And+S.C.N.+Singular Verb Ex. Each boy and each girl is invited here. Each boy and girl has been selected for this job. Note: एक बात ध्यान रहे कि Each या Every का प्रयोग दोनों Subjects के पहले हो भी सकता है और नहीं भी जैसा ऊपर के उदहारण से पता चलता है। (b) यदि दो Singular Nouns Conjunction And से जुड़े हो और उनसे एक ही व्यक्ति या वस्तु का बोध हो तो उनके साथ Verb Singular Number में होगा।                            इस स्थिति में Article या Possessive Adjective का प्रयोग सिर्फ पहले Subject के पूर्व हो तो इससे सिर्फ एक ही व्यक्ति या वस्तु का बोध होता है। Article/Possessive Adjective+S.N.+and+S.N+S.V  Ex. The principal and teacher has been invited to the meeting. The class teacher and father has scolded me badly. (c) यदि दो Singular Nouns Conjunction And से जुड़े हो और उनमें दो व्यक्ति या वस्तु का बोध हो तो उनके साथ Verb Plural Number में होगा।                            इस स्थिति में Article या Possessive Adjective का प्रयोग दोनों  Subjects के पूर्व होता है, और इससे दो अलग-अलग  व्यक्तियो या वस्तुओ का बोध होता है। Article/Poss Adj+S.N.+and+Article/Poss Adj+S.N+P.V  Ex. The principal and the teacher have been invited to the meeting. The class teacher and the clerk have scolded me badly. My uncle and my guardian want me to live at home. (d) यदि दो ऐसे Nouns जो And से जुड़े हो और Uncountable हो और इनसे जाति भर का बोध हो, तो इनके पहले Article(s) या Possessive Adjective(s) का प्रयोग नहीं होता है, और ये अपने साथ Plural Verb लेते है। Singular Uncountable Noun+And+Singular Uncountable Noun+Plural Verb Ex. Time and tide wait for no man. Bread and butter are made from wheat and milk respectively. 6. यदि किसी Possessive Adjective के बाद "Mother and father, uncle and aunt, sister and brother-in-law, brother and sister" जैसे Family relation बताने वाले विभिन्न Gender के दो Nouns And से जुड़े हो तो Verb plural Number में होंगे।  Possessive Adjective+Mother and father/uncle and aunt/sister and brother-in-law/brother and sister+Plural Verb  Ex. My sister and brother-in-law are coming to me today. Your uncle and aunt want to settle down in America. 7. यदि एक Noun और एक Pronouns And से जुड़े हो और वाक्य का Subject हो तो Verb Plural Number में होग।  Ex. You and Mohan were absent yesterday. She and her sister have managed all this. 8. यदि दो Pronouns And से जुड़े और वाक्य का Subject हो तो Verb Plural Number में होग।  Ex. You and I are willing to help her. He and she were allowed to sit there. Note: यदि किसी वाक्य में First person, second person तथा third person के Pronoun एक साथ किसी वाक्य के Subject के रूप में आ जाये तो इनका वाक्य के अर्थ के अनुसार एक क्रम होता है। (a) 231 Rule- 231 का अर्थ First person, second person तथा third person के Pronoun से है। यदि तीनो Persons के Pronoun एक वाक्य के Subject हो तो सबसे पहले second person फिर third person और अंत में First person आता है, यदि इससे अच्छे कार्य का बोध हो। यदि इसके साथ Possessive Adjective का प्रयोग करना हो निचे के नियम को याद कर ले।  2+3+1=We (Good Sense) - And all the pronouns and possessive will be according to We  2+1=We (Good Sense) - And all the pronouns and possessive will be according to We  3+1=We (Good Sense) - And all the pronouns and possessive will be according to We    2+3=You(Good Sense) - And all the pronouns and possessive will be according to You Ex. You, he and I have got good marks in the exams. You, he and I have done our level best. You and he always have given your level best. She and I are going to give our best. 1+2+3=We (Bad Sense. When some guilt or wrong deed is concerned) - And all the pronouns and possessive will be according to We  Ex. I, you and he have been arrested in connection with the murder of the principal of our college.           If you like the please Share and Like our Facebook Page                    Subscribe our YouTube Channel EnglishClear Guru

S+V+A-1

Although you are probably already familiar with basic subject-verb agreement, this chapter begins with a quick review of basic agreement rules. Subjects and verbs must AGREE with one another in number (singular or plural). Thus, if a subject is singular, its verb must also be singular; if a subject is plural, its verb must also be plural. There are two numbers in English language – singular (one) and plural (more than one) Singular: One boy is sitting in the room Plural: Many boys are sitting in the room. It is important to note that the number decides the form of a verb. If the subject is singular, the verb will be singular and similarly, the verb will be plural if the subject is plural. PERSON SINGULAR NUMBER PLURAL NUMBER 1st Person                 I                    We 2nd Person You You 3rd Person He, She, Boy, This, That They, Boys, Girls, Teachers, These, Those Details Rules of Subject Verb Agreement The first and foremost rule of subject verb agreement says that if the subject of a sentence is singular the verb used with it will be in the singular number and if the subject of a sentence is plural the verb used with it in the plural number. Ex. She reads a book in the night.         ↓          ↓       Sub      Verb     (Sing)     (Sing)   Ex. They are playing in the filed.        ↓         ↓      Sub     Verb      (Pl)      (Pl)  Note: ध्यान रहे कि Subject Verb Agreement सम्बन्धी Problems सिर्फ is, am, are, was, were, do, does, has, have से होते है या फिर Present Indefinite Tense के Main Verb से।                Subject Verb Agreement में सबसे ज्यादा ध्यान Sentence के Subject का पता लगाना होता है।  इस Chapter में Subject Verb Agreement के Detail Rules की ब्यख्या करने की कोशिश करूँगा।            If you like the please Share and Like our Facebook Page                    Subscribe our YouTube Channel EnglishClear Guru

Present Perfect Tense

Sub+has/have+v3+obj

Explanation: Present perfect tense is to denote an action that has been done in the past or far away in the past but its effect is still present in the present time.

Present Perfect Tense का प्रयोग वैसे काम को बतलाने के लिए किया जाता है जो भूतकाल में कभी भी समाप्त हुआ है लेकिन उसका असर अभी भी Present Time में मौजूद है।

Rules regarding subject verb

First person singular number "I" and "We" take "Have".

Second person singular and plural number "You" takes "Have".

Third Person Plural Number "They" takes "Have".

Third person Singular Number "He, She, It and Name" take "Has".

Ex. I have done this work. मैं यह काम कर चूका हूँ। 

She has learnt how to speak English fluently. वह धाराप्रवाह अंग्रेजी बोलना सीख चुकी है। 

India have defeated Pakistan by 10 wickets. भारत ने पाकिस्तान को दस विकेट से हरा दिया है। 

Note: कभी भी Present Perfect Tense का प्रयोग करते समय सिर्फ एक बात ध्यान देने की हम देखेंगे कि वो काम Action Past Time में कभी भी हो गया था लेकिन उसका असर अभी बोलने के समय मौजूद है।              जैसे हम दूसरे Example में देंखे की वह अंग्रेजी बोलना Past Time में कभी सीखी होगी लेकिन उसका असर यह है की वह अभी भी धाराप्रवाह अंग्रेजी बोलती है या बोल रही है।

Note: कभी भी इस तरह के Sentence Present Perfect Tense से बनाने की कोशिश न करें।   I have gone to America. मैं अमेरिका जा चूका हूँ।  अगर आप ऐसा Sentence बनाते है तो इसका अर्थ ये होता है कि आप अभी भी अमेरिका में है लेकिन ये हो नहीं सकता की आप अमेरिका में रहकर ये कहे की I have gone to America. इस Sentence में हमे "Gone to" को "Been to" में बदलकर Sentence को सही करना होगा याद रहे कभी भी Subject "I" के साथ "Gone to" का प्रयोग Present Perfect Tense या Past Perfect Tense के साथ नहीं होग।

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Noun-1

There are several ways to classify the types of nouns that exist in the English language. In traditional grammar, nouns are taught to be words that refer to people, places, things, or abstract ideas. While modern linguistics find this definition to be problematic because it relies on non-specific nouns such as thing to specifically define what a noun is, much of our social understanding of what nouns are defers to the traditional definition.

Classifications of Nouns

Definition: Noun is a word which is used to name something as a person, animal, thing and place. There are six kinds of noun in English.

1) Proper Noun

2) Common Noun

3) Abstract Noun

4) Collective Noun

5) Compound Noun

6) Material Noun

(1) PROPER NOUN

Definition: Proper Noun is a name of particular thing, person, animal and place. On the other hand, proper noun is always written with a capital letter at the beginning of the word.

Example: Dara, New York, Cambodia, John, Angkor Wat…

(2) COMMON NOUN

Definition: Common Noun is a name which is given in common to everyone (person, thing, animal…..).

Example: Man, teacher, doctor, dog, cat, house, chair…

(3) ABSTRACT NOUN

Definition: Abstract Noun is the name of idea, quality and action that is the name of something we can’t touch, see, smell and taste.

Example:

- Idea: Advice, ambition, wish...

- Quality: Goodness, kindness, darkness...

- Action: Talking, movement, discussion..

NOTE: Some Abstract Nouns can make from many kinds of adjective, verb and common noun.

(a) Abstract Noun makes from adjective.

Adjective	Abstract  Noun
dark poor wise honest	darkness poverty wisdom honesty

(b) Abstract Noun makes from verb.

Verb	Abstract Noun
hope regret help promise	hope regret help promise

(c) Abstract Noun is quite different from verb.

Verb	Abstract Noun
live die know advise	life death knowledge advice

Verb Abstractive Noun

(d) Abstract Noun makes from common noun.

Common Noun	Abstract Noun
man friend hero infant	manhood friendship heroism infancy

(4) COLLECTIVE NOUN

Definition: Collective Noun is a name of number or collection of person, thing and animal taken together and spoken as a whole.

Example: Army, committee, family, nation, association, community…

(5) MATERIAL NOUN

Definition: Material Noun is the name of particular object.

Example: Chair, table, car, book, pen, house, radio

(6) COMPOUND NOUN

Definition: Compound Nouns are the nouns that are combined between one word with another word and can make from many kinds of noun, adjective and verb.

Noun/ Adjective/verb	Noun	Common Noun
sun strong walking	light man stick	sunlight strongman walking-stick

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